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Yokudzivirira uye yekudzivirira manhamba 2021

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Mishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere inogona kubatsira kuti usarware nekuti inodzivirira hosha dzinotyisa. Nekudaro, kubaiwa nhomba kwave kuita kunetsana munguva pfupi yadarika maererano nemhedzisiro pamwe nenjodzi dzekudzivirira. Ngatitarisei dzimwe nhamba dzekudzivirira uye chokwadi kuti tinzwisise zvirinani uye nei zvakakosha.

Ndeapi majekiseni?

Mushonga mushonga wekuzvarwa nawo unosimudzira immune system kuti ibudise masoja ekudzivirira chirwere, ayo anobatsira kuuraya zvirwere. Mushonga unowanzo kuve nechikamu chechirwere chiri kuedza kudzivirira. Inogona kunge yakanetesa kana kuuraya mhando dzehutachiona, imwe yehupfu hwayo, kana kunyangwe imwe yemapuroteni ayo epamusoro. Kuisa chikamu chisingabatsiri chechirwere mumuviri kunodzidzisa immune system kuiziva uye kuiuraya pakufumurwa kweramangwana.

Mhando dzekudzivirira

Kune mhando ina dzakasiyana dzejekiseni:

Mishonga yekudzivirira ine fomu isina kusimba yechirwere chinokonzera utachiona. Ivo vanopa mhinduro inogara kwenguva refu yekuzvidzivirira asi haisi sarudzo yakanakisa kune vanhu vane hutachiona hwakakanganiswa.
Inactivated mishonga rine utachiona hwakaurayiwa hunokonzera chirwere chavari kuedza kudzivirira. Izvo hazvipe kudzivirira kwekudzivirira muviri kwakasimba kunge majekiseni ekudzivirira, saka madosi akati wandei angangodiwa nekufamba kwenguva.
Toxoid mishonga zvine muchetura unogadzirwa nehutachiona kana hutachiona hunokonzera chirwere ichi. Ivo vanogadzira hutachiona kune chaiwo zvikamu zvehutachiona kana bhakitiriya zvinokonzeresa chirwere, kwete chirwere chaicho.
Conjugate mishonga inongova nezvimwe zvikamu zvehutachiona hunokonzera chirwere, seprotein kana shuga. Conjugate majekiseni akachengeteka kunyangwe kune vanhu vane immune system immune.

Zvirwere kana majekiseni

Majekiseni dzimwe nguva anovhiringidzika nemajekiseni. Kubaya nhomba ndizvo zvinoitika kumuviri mushure mekupa mushonga. Icho chiitiko chemuviri kuva immune kune chero chirwere chirwere ichi chaive. Semuenzaniso, mushonga we rotavirus waizopa mumwe munhu hutachiona hwehutachiona hwe rotavirus.

Nhamba dzekudzivirira

Kubaya furu kunoderedza njodzi yekurwara nefuru kusvika pa40% -60%. (Nzvimbo dzeDziviriro Kudzora nekudzivirira [CDC], 2020)
Kubaya majekiseni ekudzivirira chirwere parizvino kunodzivirira kufa kwemamirioni maviri kana matatu gore rega rega kutenderera kubva kuzvirwere zvinodzivirirwa nemishonga. (WHO, 2019)
Measles majekiseni akadzivirira inofungidzirwa kufa 21.1 miriyoni pasirese pakati pe2000 na2017 uye yakadzivirira kuputika kwegwirikwiti. (UNICEF, 2019)
Makumi masere ezviuru evana vane makore-1 pasi rese vane nhomba yekudzivirira gwirikwiti. (Chiitiko, 2019)
Vanosvika makumi masere neshanu muzana evana pasi rese vanogashira kubayiwa nhomba kubva kutetanus, pertussis, uye diphtheria (DTP) gore rega rega. (Chipatara chevana chePhiladelphia, 2020)

Dziviriro yehudiki manhamba

91% yevana vane makore 19 kusvika ku35 vakagamuchira mushonga weMMR muU.S.
Vanopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe muzana evana vane makore gumi nemashanu kusvika pamakumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu vakagashira kanokwana katatu mishonga yeporiovirus.
70% yevana vane makore gumi nemashanu kusvika pamakumi matatu nepfumbamwe vakagamuchira nhomba-nhomba dzakakwana (jekiseni rezvibodzwa zvese zvezera iri) muU.S.
95% ye kindergarteners akagashira nyika-inodiwa manejimendi ye diphtheria, tetanus, uye acellular pertussis majekiseni egore rechikoro ra2018.

(CDC, 2017-2019)

Gore rega rega CDC inogadziridza zvayakakurudzira Chirongwa chekudzivirira chevana nevechiri kuyaruka , kuve nechokwadi chekusanganisira majekiseni matsva vachibuda. Chirongwa chekudzivirira chinotsanangura izvo majekiseni evana anofanirwa kuwana zvichibva nezera ravo, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuvabereki kuronga majekiseni ekudzivirira vana vavo. Iko kune zvakare zvakakurudzirwa chirongwa chekudzivirira vanhu vakuru .

Nhamba dzekudzivirira nezvirwere

Flu: 62% yevana uye 45% yevakuru vakagamuchira mushonga wekudzivirira furu panguva yegore ra 2018-2019. (CDC, 2019)
Pneumococcal: 69% yevakuru vakura kupfuura makumi matanhatu nemashanu vanonzi vakambowana pneumococcal kubaiwa mu2018. (Statista, 2018)
Papillomavirus yevanhu (HPV): Vanenge 49% yevechiri kuyaruka vane makore 13-17 vakagamuchira iyo Kubaya HPV dzakateedzana muna 2017 kubatsira kuvadzivirira kubva kumagomarara ane hukama nehutachiona hwehutachiona. (CDC, 2018)
Chikeni pokisi: 91% yevana vane makore gumi nemashanu kusvika pamakumi matatu nemashanu vakanga vagamuchira mushonga wekurwisa chickenpox (varicella) wezera iri muna 2018. (CDC, 2018)
Poriyo: 92% yevana vane makore gumi nemapfumbamwe kusvika pamakumi matatu nemashanu vakanga vagamuchira chirwere cheporiyo (chakatsanangurwa sevashoma vevatatu vezvirwere zvina) muna 2018. (CDC, 2018)

Kana iwe uri kufunga nezvekufamba kunze kweU.S., ungangoda kufunga nezvekuona nyanzvi yehutano kuti ubaye jekiseni. Zvina zvakanyanya akakurudzira majekiseni ekudzivirira yero fever, gwirikwiti, Hepatitis A , uye majekiseni ekudzivirira typhoid.

Zvirongwa zvekudzivirira

Kubaya majekiseni kunogona kuvandudza hutano hwese hwemunhu uye hupenyu hwehupenyu nekudzivirira chirwere. Mishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere inoshanda zvakanaka, asi haina kukwana uye dzimwe nguva inogona kukonzera mhedzisiro. Mhedzisiro inowanzoitika yemakemikari inosanganisira kushushikana panzvimbo yejekiseni uye nefivha yepasi.

Tsvaga huwandu hweanogadzira anogona kunge aripo mumajekiseni, asi zvakakomba kuwiririsa kune majekiseni hazviwanzo, seashoma seimwe mumirioni miriyoni inopihwa DTaP uye isingasviki imwe mumiriyoni yemadhiza inopihwa yeMMR. ( Chiremba wemhuri yeAmerica , 2017)
Kune varicella (chickenpox) uye zoster (shingles) majekiseni, majekiseni enzvimbo enzvimbo jekiseni anoitika mu19% yevakabaiwa vana uye 24% yejekiseni vechidiki nevakuru. ( Chiremba wemhuri yeAmerica , 2017)
1 we 30 vana vanoona kuzvimba kwechidya chepamusoro kana ruoko mushure mechina kana yechishanu dhizaini yeDTaP yekudzivirira. ( Chiremba wemhuri yeAmerica , 2017)
Ngozi ye intussusception (ura hwekudzivirira) ndeye 1 mune zviuru zana zvinopihwa majekiseni e rotavirus. ( Chiremba wemhuri yeAmerica , 2017)

Mishonga yakawanda inogona kukonzera kuitika kwenguva pfupi zvakaita sekutsvuka, kurwadziwa, kuputika, fivhiri, uye kuzvimba, anodaro Leah Durant , gweta rekudzivirira uye mukuru weMutemo Mahofisi aLeah V. Durant, PLLC. Kugadziriswa kwejekiseni kunogona kuve kwakanyanya uye kunogona kukonzera anaphylaxis, kushaya simba, kurira, kurovesa, kurwadziwa kwemitsipa, kugwinha, kukuvara kwehuropi, kurasikirwa kwekunzwa, kufenda, kurwadziwa kunorwadza panzvimbo yejekiseni, kurasikirwa mukufamba kwakawanda muchanza, uye kunyange rufu . Chero ani zvake anowana kuita kwakakomba kupfuura kwekupindurwa kwenzvimbo anofanirwa kutsvaga kurapwa nekukurumidza. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuongororwa kwekutanga uye kurapwa kunogona kubatsira kudzikisira kukomba kwekukuvara kwakakomba kwejekiseni.

Kuita kwakakomba uye kwenguva refu kwejekiseni hakuwanzoitika, anodaro Durant. Inofungidzirwa kuti vangangoita munhu mumwe chete kana vaviri kubva pamiriyoni imwe vanotambura zvakanyanya uye vanotsungirira nekuda kwemishonga. Imwe yeanowanzoitika maitiro ekudzivirira chirwere chinonzi kukuvara kwepafudzi chine chekuita nehutachiona hwehutongi (kana SIRVA). Uku kukuvara kunogona kuratidza mumamiriro ezvinhu senge tendinitis, bursitis, chando fudzi, kana rotator cuff misodzi, uye inogona kuda kuvhiya kunorwadza, kurapwa kwemuviri, kana kumwe kurapa kugadzirisa.

Anti-yekudzivirira manhamba

Muna 1998, chiremba weBritish akaburitsa ruzivo rwenhema runobatanidza mushonga weMMR (gwirikwiti, mamota, uye rubella) uye kuongororwa kwakazotevera kweatism. Kunyangwe hazvo zvakawanikwa kubva ipapo zvakatemwa kuve zvekunyepedzera uye kuburitswa kwakadzoserwa, kwakashandura pfungwa yeruzhinji nezvejekiseni uye zvakaita kuti vazhinji vatende kuti majekiseni anokonzera autism. Mwero wekudzivirira wakaderera, uye vazhinji vachiri kutenda kuti majekiseni akabatana neatism kana matambudziko ehutano.

Imwe ongororo yakawana kuti inoda kusvika hafu (45%) yevaAmerican vanokahadzika kuchengetedzwa kwejekiseni. (American Osteopathic Sangano, 2019)
Iwo manyuko akajairika ekusahadzika mukuchengetedza kwejekiseni zvinonzi zvinyorwa zvepamhepo, kusavimba neindasitiri yemishonga, neruzivo kubva kuvanyanzvi vezvokurapa. (American Osteopathic Sangano, 2019)
27 ye50 nyika dzakataura kudonha kwevanodzivirira vachengeti pakati pa2009 na2018. (Health Testing Centres)
Chete 57.3% yevasikana uye 34.6% yevakomana vakagashira mushonga weHPV muna2013, izvo zvaive zvichinzi zvainetsekana nevabereki kuti nhomba yakurudzira bonde risina dziviriro pazera diki. (CDC, 2014)
Kubva munaKurume 2020, 35% yevaongorori vakapindura vakati vakadaro kwete unoda kuwana mushonga wecoronavirus kana uye kana iripo. (MumwecheteCare, 2020)

Mu2019, iyo World Health Organisation (WHO) yakaratidza kusagadzikana kwechirwere seimwe yekutyisidzira kukuru kune hutano hwepasirese neruzhinji. Masangano mazhinji anoshanda kugadzirisa zvinonetsa zvekubaiwa uye kudzidzisa vanhu nezve kukosha kwavo.

RELATED: Coronavirus vaccine kiriniki miedzo kutanga muU.S.

Herd majekiseni ekudzivirira

Kuzvidzivirira kweHedha rava buzzword pakati pechirwere checoronavirus. Kana chikamu chakakwira chevagari chakadzivirirwa nechirwere chinotapukira, chingave kubva mukutapukira kana kubatira, nharaunda (kana boka) rinodzivirirwa zvirinani. Hutachiona hwehutachiona hwezvirwere-zvinodzivirirwa zvinowanzoenderana nemhedzisiro yakaipa kupfuura iyo nhomba pachayo, saka nhomba yekuwana hutachiona hwemombe inosarudzwa.

Kana vanhu vasina kubayiwa majekiseni uye majekiseni ekudzivirira zvirwere akadonha, zvinowedzera mukana wekuputika. Muna 2019, CDC yakashuma mamakesi mazana manomwe makumi manomwe nemana muNew York, nhamba yepamusoro soro kubva muna 1994, nekuda kwemapurazi enharaunda dzine hutachiona husina tsarukano uye kuburitswa neimwe nzira kana kune chirwere chinotapukira.

Chirwere chega chega chinotapukira chinoda hutachiona hwehuwandu hwakataurwa pazasi, kunyanya nekuvhara kwekudzivirira kana kuripo, kugadzira hutachiona hwemombe:

Mastasles: 92% -95%
Pertussis (kukosora): 92% -94%
Diphtheria: 83% -86%
Rubella: 83% -86%
Chibhokisi: 80% -86%
Poriyo: 80% -86%
Mumpump: 75% -86%
SARS *: 50% -80%
Ebola: 33% -60%
Furuwenza (furuwenza): 33% -44%

(Nyika Yedu muData, 2019)

* SARS uye COVID-19 zvinokonzerwa nema coronaviruses akasiyana. Dzidza zvakawanda pano .

Mutengo wekubaiwa majekiseni

IU.S. inopedza madhora makumi maviri nemanomwe emadhora ekurapa zvirwere zvingadai zvakadzivirirwa nemajekiseni. (AJMC, 2019)
Majekiseni evana achachengetedza madhora mazana mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nemakumi mashanu emadhora, kusanganisira kumisikidzwa uye kurapwa, kweanopfuura makore makumi maviri. (CDC, 2014)
Wakazara majekiseni ekudzivirira hutachiwana anodhura madhora gumi nemasere pamwana mune nyika dzine mari shoma. (UNICEF, 2019)
Pamadhora ega ega akaiswa muvana vasina kubayiwa majekiseni munyika dzine mari yepakati nepakati, pane mari inofungidzirwa yekudzoka kweinosvika madhora makumi mana nemana. (UNICEF, 2019)

Mibvunzo yekudzivirira uye mhinduro

Ipi muzana yevanhu vanowana furuu pasina kupora?

Sekureva kweCDC, chirwere ichi chinokonzera pakati pemamirioni mapfumbamwe nemakumi mana nemana ezvirwere gore rega rega muUnited States. Mishonga yekudzivirira furu inoderedza njodzi yekuwana chirwere ichi ne40% kusvika 60%.

Kubaya nhomba kunodzivirira sei kubva kuzvirwere zvinotapukira?

Kubaya nhomba kunodzivirira kubva kuzvirwere zvinotapukira nekubatsira masoja ekudzivirira muviri kuziva nekurwisa hutachiona nemabhakitiriya anokonzera chirwere pachacho. Kubaya majekiseni kunobatsirawo kudzivirira kuputika kwechirwere chepasi rose nepasi rose.

Vangani vanhu vanofa nekubaiwa majekiseni?

Zvakaoma kunyatsoziva kuti vangani vanhu vakafa zvakananga nekuda kwejekiseni. Zvakawanda zvidzidzo rondedzera huwandu hwerufu rwejekiseni senge chibhokisi chingave chakatenderedza kufa kumwechete pamiriyoni imwe yejekiseni. Kubva 2000 kusvika 2015, 104 Kufa kwakamhan'arwa uye neimwe nzira kunonzi kune mushonga wekurapa gwirikwiti. Nekudaro, iyo yekuburitsa sisitimu haigone kumisikidza yakasimbiswa causal hukama pakati pekudzivirira uye kufa kunotevera.

Pane here humbowo hwehuwandu hwekuti majekiseni ekudzivirira hutachiona?

Kune huwandu hwakawanda hwehumbowo hunoratidza kuti majekiseni ekuderedza hutachiona sei. Iyo WHO , CDC , uye UNICEF ichienderera mberi ichitsikisa ruzivo maererano nekubudirira kwemishonga.

Ndeipi huwandu hwekufa kwevanhu vasina kubayiwa nhomba?

Vanopfuura mamirioni 1.5 vanhu vanofa gore rega-rega pasirese kubva pakusabayiwa majekiseni.

Kubaya nhomba kwakachengeteka kune vana here?

Mishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere yakachengeteka kuvana uye inogona kuvadzivirira kuti vasabatwe nezvirwere zvakaita sekukosora.

Mishonga inokonzera autism muvana here?

Kubatana pakati peatism nemishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere kwakadzidzwa kwenguva yakareba uye kwakawanikwa kusipo, anodaro Leann Poston, MD, mutevedzeri wedhipatimendi kuWright State University Boonshoft Chikoro cheMishonga uye anobatsira Ikon Hutano . Zera rekutanga rekusimudzira kutaura uye huwandu hwezvirwere panguva yekujekesa zvese zvinoitika pamwedzi gumi nemaviri kusvika gumi nemashanu. Icho chikonzero che autism chinoita kunge chakasiyana-siyana, zvichireva kuti pane zvese zviri zviviri magene uye zvakatipoteredza zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa njodzi. Neichi chikonzero, vanhu vanga vachitsvaga masangano pakati pezvakatiparira zvinokonzera uye autism.