Toradol vs. Tramadol: Misiyano, kufanana, uye ndeipi iri nani kwauri
Zvinodhaka Vs. ShamwariKuongorora kwemishonga & misiyano mikuru | Conditions kurapwa | Kubudirira | Inishuwarenzi kufukidza uye mutengo kuenzanisa | Zvimwe zvinokanganisa | Kubatana kwezvinodhaka | Yambiro | MIBVUNZO
Toradol (ketorolac) uye tramadol (generic Ultram) mishonga miviri yekurapa inorambidzwa inogamuchirwa neU.S.Food uye Drug Administration (FDA) yekurwadziwa.
Toradol inorondedzerwa seinosteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Toradol inobatsira kubvisa marwadzo uye kudzikisa kuzvimba. Nzira iyo Toradol inoshanda haina kunyatsonzwisiswa asi inofungidzirwa kushanda nekudzivisa kugadzirwa kweprostaglandin. Prostaglandin inokonzera kurwadziwa nekuzvimba. Nekudzivirira kugadzirwa kweprostaglandin, Toradol inobatsira nemarwadzo uye kuzvimba.
Tramadol inorondedzerwa seopioid analgesic. Icho chiri DEA Chirongwa IV zvinhu zvinodzorwa, zvichireva kuti zvine mukana wekushungurudzwa uye kuvimba. Nzira iyo inoshanda nayo haina kunyatsonzwisiswa asi inofungidzirwa kuve nekusunga kune maopioid receptors pamwe nekudzivirira kudzokororwa kwe norepinephrine uye serotonin, zvichikonzera kuzorodzwa kwekurwadziwa.
Kunyangwe Toradol uye tramadol ese ari maviri anoshandiswa pakurwadziwa, ane misiyano mizhinji. Enderera kuverenga pazasi kuti uwane zvimwe nezve Toradol uye tramadol.
Ndeupi mutsauko mukuru pakati peToradol netramadol?
Toradol ( Chii chinonzi Toradol? ) inonzi NSAID, kana nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory prescription drug. Inowanikwa mune generic fomu, se ketorolac, uye inogona kuiswa jekiseni (IV, kana intravenous, jekiseni) kana mhasuru (IM, kana musimba, jekiseni). Inowanikwawo mufomu yepiritsi, semapiritsi e10 mg, uye semushonga wemhino unonzi Sprix. Murwere anofanirwa kuve neiyo IV kana IM fomu asati ashandisa fomu yepiritsi, uye hurefu hwese hwekurapa (IV / IM / piritsi / nasal spray) haifanire kupfuura mazuva mashanu. Uku kudzikamisa njodzi yezvingave zvakakomba mhedzisiro, senge kubuda mudumbu kubuda ropa.
Tramadol (Chii chinonzi Tramadol?) Ndiyo generic reUlram. Iyo opioid analgesic (pain reliever). Inowanikwa mune fomu yepiritsi, pamwe neyekuwedzera-kuburitsa piritsi uye fomu capsule. Inowanikwawo seUltracet, iyo ine tramadol uye acetaminophen (acetaminophen iri generic Tylenol, inozivikanwawo seAPAP).
| Misiyano mikuru pakati peToradol uye tramadol | ||
|---|---|---|
| Toradol | Tramadol | |
| Kirasi yemishonga | NSAID | Opioid analgesic |
| Brand / generic chinzvimbo | Generic (ketorolac) | Generic |
| Chii chinonzi generic zita? Chii chinonzi zita rechiratidzo? | Generic: ketorolac (ketorolac tromethamine) | Mutengo: Ultram |
| Ndeapi mafomu (s) ayo mushonga unouya? | IV uye IM majekiseni, piritsi, nasal spray | Piritsi, yakawedzera-kuburitsa kapuleti, yakawedzera-kuburitsa piritsi |
| Ndeipi muyero wakajairwa? | Hwendefa rinoshandiswa sekuenderera kwe IV kana IM ketorolac. 20 mg kamwe, uye 10 mg maawa mana kusvika matanhatu sezvaanodiwa. Kunonyanyisa 40 mg pazuva Kwete kudarika mazuva mashanu ekurapwa | Iyo dosi inononoka kuiswa kune 50 mg kusvika 100 mg yega yega 4 kusvika 6 maawa Kunonyanyisa 400 mg pazuva |
| Yakareba sei iyo yekurapa? | Mazuva mashanu kana mashoma | Ipfupi-nguva, vamwe varwere vanoenderera kwenguva yakareba zvichibva panzira yekuraira |
| Ndiani anowanzoshandisa mushonga? | Vanhu vane makore gumi nemana zvichikwira | Vanhu vane makore gumi nemana zvichikwira |
Mamiriro ezvinhu anorapwa naToradol uye Tramadol
Toradol inoratidzirwa kune vanhu vakuru kwenguva pfupi-manejimendi ekurwadziwa kwakanyanya kwakanyanya, kazhinji mumashure-op (mushure mekuvhiyiwa) marongero, ayo anoda zororo reopioid rehurombo. Kureba kwese kwekurapa neToradol hakufanirwe kupfuura mazuva mashanu.
Tramadol inoratidzirwa kune vanhu vakuru vane mwero kusvika pamwero zvakanyanya kurwadziwa kwakanyanya kunoda opioid pain reliever, apo dzimwe nzira dzisiri-opioid dzisina kukwana kana kusashivirirwa.
| Mamiriro | Toradol | Tramadol |
| Ipfupi-temu (mazuva mashanu kana mashoma) manejimendi ekurwadziwa kwakanyanya kwakanyanya kunoda opioid level analgesia, kazhinji mumashure mekuvhiya | Ehe | Kwete |
| Pakati nepakati kusvika pakurwadziwa kwakanyanya kune vanhu vakuru (zvakakomba zvakakwana kuda opioid analgesic, apo mamwe marapirwo asina kukwana kana kushivirirwa) | Kwete | Ehe |
Toradol kana tramadol inoshanda zvakanyanya here?
TO kudzidza muIndia yakafananidza Toradol netramadol yemarwadzo ekupedzisira-op mushure mekuvhiyiwa kwemaxillofacial muvakuru ve50. Mishonga iyi yese yakapihwa IM. Ose madhiragi akakonzera kuderera kukuru kwekutambudzika, asi tramadol yakakonzera kudzora marwadzo kuri nani pane Toradol paawa rega rega, uye zvaive nani kutsungirira.
Imwe kudzidza , kuMexico, akatarisa iyo mishonga miviri yekurwadziwa mushure mekuvhiya uye akaenzanisa muromo Toradol neIM tramadol. Chidzidzo chakawana Toradol kuve inobatsira zvakanyanya pakurwadziwa kupfuura tramadol.
Kunyangwe hazvo kumwe kuongorora kwakapedzisa tramadol yaive nani, uye kumwe kuongorora kwakagumisa kuti Toradol yaive nani, zvese zvidzidzo zvakaitwa kune dzimwe nyika uko tramadol yakapihwa jekiseni mumhasuru.
MuU.S., tramadol inosarudzwa sehwendefa remuromo munzvimbo yekurapa. Toradol, kana ketorolac, inopihwa IV kana IM nemupi mupi wezvehutano, uye pamwe inoenderera nemapiritsi emuromo kusvika pamazuva mashanu. Naizvozvo, zvakaoma kuwedzera mhedzisiro iyi maererano nezvamungazonyorwa pano muU.S. Kazhinji, mushonga wega wega unogona kushanda zvakanyanya pakurapa marwadzo. Kazhinji, zvimwe zvinhu zvinofanirwa kutariswa.
Mushonga unonyanya kushanda kwauri unofanirwa kusarudzwa nemupi wako wezvehutano, anova ndiye sosi yakanaka yezano rekurapa. Iye anogona kutora nhoroondo yako yekurapa nemamiriro uye zvimwe zvinodhaka zvaunotora izvo zvinogona kusangana neToradol kana tramadol.
Kuvhavha uye mutengo kuenzanisa kweToradol vs. tramadol
Toradol inowanzo kuvharwa neinishuwarenzi, uye Medicare Chikamu D kufukidza kunosiyana. Iko kunze kwehomwe mutengo weiyo generic Toradol (20, 10 mg mapiritsi) anenge madhora makumi mashanu. Iine CouponCare koponi iyo generic mishonga inotanga pamadhora gumi nemasere.
Tramadol inowanzo kufukidzwa neinishuwarenzi uye Medicare Chikamu D. Mari yekubuda muhomwe ye tramadol (60, 50 mg mapiritsi) ingangoita madhora makumi mana nematatu. Iwe unogona kuwana tramadol neSingleCare coupon coupon ye $ 12 zvichienderana nekemisi yaunoshandisa.
| Toradol | Tramadol | |
| Kazhinji yakafukidzwa neinishuwarenzi? | Hongu (zvakajairika) | Ehe |
| Inowanzo kufukidzwa neMedare Chikamu D? | Zvinosiyana | Ehe |
| Standard muyero | 20, 10 mg mahwendefa | 60, 50 mg mahwendefa |
| Chaizvoizvo Medicare Chikamu D copay | $ 15-239 | $ 0- $ 47 |
| SingleCare mutengo | $ 18- $ 38 | $ 12- $ 20 |
Tora kadhi rekudzikisira chemishonga
Zvakajairika mhedzisiro mhedzisiro yeToradol vs. tramadol
Iwo akajairika mhedzisiro mhedzisiro yeToradol ndiwo masisitimu (GI) mune zvakasikwa, kusanganisira kurwadziwa mudumbu, indigestion, uye kuda kurutsa. Mimwe mhedzisiro yakaipa yeGI inogona kuitika, sekuzvimbirwa, manyoka, uye kurutsa. Kutemwa nemusoro zvakare kunogona kuitika neToradol.
Mhedzisiro inowanzoitika yemadramadol kusvotwa, kuzvimbirwa, kurwadziwa nemusoro, dzungu, uye kurara.
Iyi haisi rondedzero izere yezvingaitika mhedzisiro. Zvimwe zviitiko zvakashata zvinogona kuitika. Bvunza wako mupi wezvehutano kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve mhedzisiro.
| Toradol | Tramadol | |||
| Side Migumisiro | Zvinoshanda? | Kakawanda | Zvinoshanda? | Kakawanda |
| Marwadzo emudumbu | Ehe | > 10% | Ehe | 1-5% |
| Kuzvidya mwoyo | Ehe | > 10% | Ehe | 5-13% |
| Nausea | Ehe | > 10% | Ehe | 24-40% |
| Kuzvimbirwa | Ehe | 1-10% | Ehe | 24-46% |
| Manyoka | Ehe | 1-10% | Ehe | 5-10% |
| Kusvipa | Ehe | 1-10% | Ehe | 9-17% |
| Kutemwa nemusoro | Ehe | > 10% | Ehe | 18-32% |
| Itching | Ehe | 1-10% | Ehe | 8-11% |
| Dzungu | Ehe | 1-10% | Ehe | 26-33% |
| Kukotsira | Ehe | 1-10% | Hongu1 | 16-25% |
Kwayaka: DailyMed ( Toradol / ketorolac), Mazuva eseMed ( tramadol )
Kubatana kwezvinodhaka zveToradol vs. tramadol
Toradol inogona kusangana neanticoagulants senge heparin kana warfarin, uye varwere vanofanirwa kutariswa zvakaringana kana paine kusanganiswa kwemishonga. Toradol haifanire kutorwa nedzimwe NSAID, nekuda kwekugona kweGI kubuda ropa uye nekuwedzera mhedzisiro. Kutora Toradol ine diuretics kunogona kuwedzera njodzi yekukanganisa itsvo (itsvo). Toradol haifanire kutorwa pamwe nemamwe emushonga weropa (ACE inhibitors kana maARB) nekuti musanganiswa unogona kukonzera matambudziko eitsvo, kunyanya kune varwere vakashayiwa mvura. Kutora Toradol ne SSRI antidepressants kunogona kuwedzera njodzi yeGI kubuda ropa uye kunofanirwa kudzivirirwa.
Tramadol haifanire kutorwa ne benzodiazepines, imwe CNS inodzvinyirira mishonga, kana doro. Tramadol haifanire kutorwa nemishonga inowedzera serotonin (SSRI, SNRI, kana tricyclic zvinodhaka. Tramadol inofanira kupatsanurwa neMAOI nemazuva gumi nemana. Tramadol zvakare inopindirana nemishonga inova enzyme inducers kana inhibitors.
Iri harisi runyorwa ruzere rwekubatana kwezvinodhaka. Kumwe kudyidzana kwezvinodhaka kunogona kuitika. Bvunza wako mupi wezvehutano kuti uwane yakazara runyorwa rwekunyorerwa uye OTC zvinodhaka kusangana neToradol uye tramadol.
| Zvinodhaka | Kirasi Yezvinodhaka | Toradol | Tramadol |
| Heparin Warfarin | Anticoagulants | Ehe | Hongu (warfarin) |
| Aspirin Ibuprofen Meloxicam Nabumetone Naproxen | NSAIDs | Ehe | Kwete |
| Furosemide Hydrochlorothiazide | Diuretics | Ehe | Ehe |
| Lithium | Antimanic mumiriri | Ehe | Ehe |
| Methotrexate | Antimetabolite | Ehe | Ehe |
| Benazepril Candesartan Enalapril Irbesartan Lisinopril Losartan Ramipril Telmisartan Valsartan | ACE inhibitors ARB (angiotensin receptor blockers) | Ehe | Ehe |
| Carbamazepine Phenytoin | Antiepileptic zvinodhaka | Ehe | Ehe |
| Citalopram Escitalopram Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Paroxetine Sertraline | SSRI mishonga yekudzvinyirira | Ehe | Ehe |
| Alprazolam Clonazepam Diazepam Temazepam | Benzodiazepines | Hongu (clonazepam uye diazepam) | Ehe |
| Codeine Fentanyl Hydrocodone Methadone Morphine Oxycodone | Opioid | Kwete | Ehe |
| Doro | Doro | Ehe | Ehe |
| Duloxetine Desvenlafaxine Venlafaxine | SNRI mishonga yekudzvinyirira | Ehe | Ehe |
| Amitriptyline Desipramine Imipramine Nortriptyline | Tricyclic antidepressants | Ehe | Ehe |
| Rizatripta Sumatriptan | Triptans | Ehe | Ehe |
| Baclofen Cyclobenzaprine Metaxalone | Tsandanyama dzinozorodza | Kwete | Ehe |
| Phenelzine Selegiline Tranylcypromine | MAOI (MAO inhibitors) | Kwete | Hongu (shandisa zvakasiyana nemazuva gumi nemana) |
| Digoxin | Cardiac glycoside | Kwete | Ehe |
| Benztropine Dicyclomine Diphenhydramine Tolterodine | Anticholinergic zvinodhaka | Kwete | Ehe |
| Clarithromycin Erythromycin Fluconazole Ketoconazole Ritonavir | CYP3A4 inhibitors | Kwete | Ehe |
| Bupropion Fluoxetine Paroxetine Quinidine | CYP2D6 inhibitors | Hongu (bupropion, fluoxetine, paroxetine) | Ehe |
Yambiro dzeToradol uye Tramadol
Toradol (ketorolac) yambiro:
- Toradol (ketorolac) mapiritsi anofanira kungoshandiswa sekuenderera mberi kwekurapa zvichitevera IV kana IM dosing, kana zvichidikanwa. Nguva yose ye ketorolac haifaniri kudarika mazuva mashanu.
- Toradol (ketorolac) mapiritsi haafanire kushandiswa muvana, uye haafanire kushandiswa pakurwadziwa kudiki kana kusingaperi.
- Iyo yakanyanya zuva nezuva dosi yeToradol (ketorolac) ndeye 40 mg. Kuwedzera dhizeti iri pamusoro pe40 mg pazuva hakugadzirise runyararo, asi kunowedzera mukana wemhedzisiro.
- Toradol (ketorolac) inogona kukonzera matambudziko akakomba eGI, anosanganisira maronda eronda, kubuda ropa, kana kupora kwemudumbu kana ura, izvo zvinogona kuuraya. Chero chezviitiko izvi zvinogona kuitika pasina yambiro. Toradol (ketorolac) inopesana (haifanire kushandiswa) kune varwere vane chirwere chinoshanda cheptic ulcer, varwere vane GI ichangobva kubuda ropa, uye varwere vane nhoroondo yechironda chirwere kana GI inobuda ropa. Varwere vakura vari panjodzi huru yezviitiko zveGI.
- NSAIDs dzinogona kukonzera njodzi yakakura yezviitiko zvakakomba zvemoyo, sekurwadziwa kwemoyo kana sitiroko, izvo zvinogona kuuraya. Iyo njodzi inogona kuitika kutanga kwekurapa, uye iyo njodzi inowedzera nekureba kwenguva yekurapwa.
- Toradol (ketorolac) haifanirwe kushandiswa:
- mumamiriro ekuvhiya kweCABG
- muvarwere avo vachangobva kurwara nemoyo
- mune varwere vane zvakakomba itsvo matambudziko uye mune varwere vari panjodzi yekundikana kufoira nekuda kwekushaya mvura
- pamberi pekuvhiyiwa kukuru
- mukushanda uye pakusununguka
- mune varwere vanotora mamwe maNSAID
- mune varwere vane kwakakomba kwemoyo kukundikana / edema
- mune varwere vane mamwe mamiriro ekubuda ropa kana panjodzi yekubuda ropa.
- Toradol (ketorolac) inogona kukonzeresa kutsva kana kuwedzerwa kweBP (yakakwira BP).
- Vamwe varwere vanoda kugadziriswa kwemiyero, kusanganisira varwere vane makore makumi matanhatu nemashanu kana kupfuura, varwere vanoyera pasi pegumi nemazana emakumi mana, uye varwere vane yakasimudza serum creatinine.
- Toradol (ketorolac) inogona kukonzera anaphylactic reaction, iyo inogona kuuraya. Varwere vane Samter vatatu haifanire kutora ketorolac.
- Kugadziriswa kweganda kunogona kuitika, kusanganisira exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), uye chepfu epidermal necrolysis (TEN), inogona kuuraya. Varwere vanofanirwa kumira kutora ketorolac pane chero chiratidzo cheganda kugadzirisa uye kutsvaga kurapwa kwekukurumidzira.
- Toradol (ketorolac) haifanire kushandiswa mukunonoka kubata pamuviri, nekuti zvinogona kukonzera kuvhara kwenguva ductus arteriosus nguva isati yakwana, izvo zvinogona kukonzeresa kumatambudziko emwoyo kana kunyangwe kufa kwemucheche.
Tramadol yambiro:
- Tramadol ine mukana wekushungurudzwa, kushandisa zvisizvo, uye kupindwa muropa, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuwandisa uye kufa. Tora mishonga yako sekurairwa . Usatore mimwe mibairo kana kushandisa mushonga kune mamwe mamiriro pane zvawakatemerwa.
- Yakakomba, inotyisidzira hupenyu mweya wekufema (kunonoka kufema) kunogona kuitika. Varwere vanofanirwa kuongororwa nekuda kwekufema kushushikana, kunyanya panguva yekutanga kurapwa uye nechero shanduko yedosi. Vakwegura varwere nevarwere vane zvimwe zvisingaperi mamiriro senge chirwere chemapapu vari pangozi yakanyanya yekufema kushushikana.
- Kungoitika netsaona nemunhu chero upi zvake, kunyanya vana, kunogona kukonzera kuwandisa kwekuuraya kwe tramadol. Ramba uri kure nekusvika kwevana, ndoda kukiyiwa nekiyi. Hupenyu-hunotyisidzira mweya wekufema uye kufa kwakaitika muvana vakagamuchira tramadol. Mamwe emakesi akaitika mushure mekubviswa kwetoni kana adenoid.
- Kushandisa tramadol nemamwe maopioid, benzodiazepines, kana imwe CNS (yepakati tsinga system) kushungurudzika kunogona kukonzera kushushikana kwakanyanya kwekufema, kwakadzika sedation, coma, kana kufa. Kana musanganiswa usingakwanise kudzivirirwa, iyo yakaderera dhosi inofanira kushandiswa kwenguva ipfupi, uye murwere anofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya.
- Kugwinha kwakaitika kune varwere vanotora tramadol, kunyangwe pamadhiwo akajairwa. Varwere vanotora mimwe mishonga (yakadai seSSRI, SNRI, kana tricyclic antidepressants, opioid, kana MAO inhibitors) kana varwere vane nhoroondo yekubatwa vari panjodzi huru.
- Varwere vanozviuraya kana vakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka havafanirwe kutora tramadol.
- Chengetedza BP - yakaderera BP inogona kuitika.
- Varwere vane hurema hwekuziva kana mukoma havafanirwe kutora tramadol.
- Varwere vane chipingaidzo cheGI havafanirwe kutora tramadol.
- Paunenge uchirega tramadol, mushonga unofanirwa kutapurwa uye kwete kumiswa nekukurumidza, kudzivirira zviratidzo zvekusiya.
- Zvakakomba uye zvisingawanzo kuuraya maitiro anaphylactic akaitika, kazhinji mushure mekutanga kwedosi. Zvimwe zvinokanganisa maitiro zvinosanganisira pruritus (kuchenesa), mikoko, bronchospasm, angioedema, chepfu epidermal necrolysis, uye chirwere cheStevens-Johnson. Kana uine chimwe chezviratidzo izvi, rega kutora tramadol uye utsvage kurapwa kwekukurumidzira.
- Usatyaire kana kushandisa michina kusvikira iwe waziva maitiro ako kune tramadol.
- Kushandiswa kwenguva refu kwemaopioid, senge tramadol, panguva yepamuviri kunogona kukonzera neonatal opioid kubvisa syndrome.
Inowanzo bvunzwa mibvunzo nezve Toradol vs. Tramadol
Chii chinonzi Toradol?
Toradol ndeye NSAID iyo inobatsira nekurwadziwa uye kuzvimba, inowanzo shandiswa mushure mekuvhiyiwa. Iyo inowanikwa se IV kana IM IM jekiseni uye sehwendefa. Fomu yepiritsi inogona kutorwa chete sekuenderera kweiyo IV kana IM kugadzirwa. Iyo yakazara nguva yenguva yeketorolac kurapwa inofanira kunge iri mazuva mashanu kana mashoma.
Chii chinonzi tramadol?
Tramadol yakasimba painkiller, kana opioid analgesic. Iri izita rakajairika reUltram. Inogona kuve yakatemwa kana imwe isiri-opioid mishonga isina kusimba zvakakwana kana kusashivirirwa.
Toradol uye tramadol zvakafanana here?
Kwete Toradol uye tramadol zvakasiyana munzira yavanoshanda uye vane mimwe misiyano yakawanda, senge zviitiko zvakashata uye kudyidzana kwezvinodhaka, zvakatsanangurwa pamusoro.
Is Toradol kana tramadol zvirinani?
Muzvidzidzo (ona pamusoro), mhedzisiro dzakasiyana. Muzvokwadi, zvakadaro, zvese zvinodhaka zvine nzvimbo mukurapa kurwadziwa uye / kana kuzvimba. Mushonga uyo uri nani kwauri unogona chete kusarudzwa neako mupi wezvehutano. Imwe yeaya madhiragi ane mukana wekudyidzana kwemishonga pamwe nemamiriro ekurapa ayo asingaenderane. Anopa hutano hwako ndiye sosi yakanakisa yekuona kuti ndeupi mushonga wakanakira iwe.
Ndinogona here kushandisa Toradol kana tramadol nepamuviri?
Kwete. Kushandisa Toradol uine nhumbu kunogona kukonzera matambudziko emwana fetus kana kutofa. Uye kushandisa tramadol mukuzvitakura kunogona kukonzera kukuvara kwemwana. Kugara uchishandisa tramadol mukuzvitakura kunogona kukonzera hupenyu hunotyisa hunonzi neonatal opioid kubvisa syndrome.
Ndinogona here kushandisa Toradol kana tramadol nedoro?
Kwete. Kushandisa Toradol nedoro kune njodzi uye kunogona kuwedzera njodzi yekubuda ropa mudumbu. Kushandisa tramadol nedoro kunogona kuwedzera njodzi yezvinetso zvakanyanya zvekufema uye zvinogona kutungamira kukoma kana kufa.
Toradol inokuita kuti uve nehope here?
Mune vamwe varwere, Toradol inokonzeresa kukotsira. Izvi zvinoitika mu1% kusvika 10% yevarwere. Iwo akajairika mhedzisiro mhedzisiro yeToradol marwadzo emudumbu, indigestion, kuda kurutsa, uye musoro.
Toradol inoshanda nekukurumidza sei?
Toradol (ketorolac) mapiritsi anotanga kushanda mukati meinenge awa imwe, uye iyo yepamusoro mhedzisiro iri maawa maviri kusvika matatu.
